The various approaches reflect the medical culture in different countries. It may also be a sub-specialty or second specialisation following a specialisation such as physiatry or orthopedic surgery. Specialization in sports medicine may be a doctor's first specialty (as in Australia, Netherlands, Norway, Italy). Sport and exercise medicine doctors are specialist physicians who have completed medical school, appropriate residency training and then specialize further in sports medicine or 'sports and exercise medicine' (the preferred term). Although most sports teams have employed team physicians for many years, it is only since the late 20th century that sports medicine has emerged as a distinct field of health care. Sports medicine, also known as sport and exercise medicine ( SEM), is a branch of medicine that deals with physical fitness and the treatment and prevention of injuries related to sports and exercise.
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